Science,18 Dec 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6779

《科学》2025年12月18日，第390卷，6779期

质料科学Material Sciences

Optimal perovskite vapor partitioning on textured silicon for high-stability tandem solar cells

绒面硅上的钙钛矿气相分区优化实现高不变性叠层太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Nengxu Li, Xiuxiu Niu, Zijing Dong et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz3698

▲择要：

于具备微米级金字塔布局的工业尺度绒面硅衬底上，经由过程气相沉积制备匀称的钙钛矿薄膜仍面对坚苦，这重要源在钙钛矿蒸汽的繁杂外貌分区举动以和有机/无机组分蒸汽的非均衡吸附效应。

研究者经由过程引入3,3,3—三氟丙基—三甲氧基硅烷加强衬底与有机组分间的彼此作用，从而优化钙钛矿蒸汽的外貌分区并均衡其吸附历程。

该要领乐成制备出垂直标的目的匀称、相杂质少少的钙钛矿薄膜，纳米束衍射技能进一步证明了钙钛矿立方相于差别金字塔区域的一致性形成。基在此工艺的叠层器件实现了31.3%的功率转换效率（孔径面积1平方厘米），并于85°C、1个太阳光持续照射1400小时后仍连结初始机能的90%，揭示出卓着的事情不变性。

▲ Abstract：

Achieving conformal, vapor-deposited perovskite films on industry-standard textured silicon substrates with micrometer-scale pyramids remains challenging because of the complex surface partitioning of perovskite vapors and the effects of nonequilibrium organic and inorganic vapor adsorption. We incorporated 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl-trimethoxysilane to enhance substrate-organic interactions, thereby optimizing surface partitioning and balancing adsorption of perovskite vapors. Vertically uniform perovskite films with minimal phase impurities formed, and nanobeam diffraction confirmed formation of the perovskite cubic phase across different pyramid regions. The resulting tandem devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 31.3% (1 square centimeter aperture area) and exhibited excellent operational stability, retaining 90% of their initial performance after 1400 hours of continuous 1-sun illumination at 85°C.

医学Medicine

A cellular basis for heightened gut sensitivity in females

女性肠道敏感性加强的细胞机制

▲ 作者：Archana Venkataraman, Eric E. Figueroa et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz1398

▲择要：

内脏痛苦悲伤障碍（如肠易激综合征）于女性中的病发率显著较高。肠道上皮中的肠嗜铬细胞（EC细胞）与黏膜觉得神经纤维之间的旌旗灯号传导加强多是致使这类性别差异的缘故原由之一。

研究者鉴定出一条雌激素应对的旁排泄通路，此中两种肠内排泄细胞——表达肽YY（PYY）的L细胞及血清素能EC细胞——经由过程彼此作用加强女性的肠道敏感性。

研究者发明，雌激素旌旗灯号上调结肠L细胞中细菌代谢物短链脂肪酸受体Olfr78的表达，从而增长PYY开释和其对于乙酸盐的敏感性。升高的PYY经由过程作用在临近EC细胞的NPY1R受体，进一步加强血清素开释及肠道痛苦悲伤。

研究者提出，激素颠簸与内部（如压力）或者情况（如饮食）因素配合放年夜这一局部雌激素应对的结肠回路，终极致使顺应不良的肠道高敏感性。

▲ Abstract：

Visceral pain disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, exhibit a marked female prevalence. Enhanced signaling between enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut epithelium and mucosal sensory nerve fibers likely contributes to this sex bias. We identified an estrogen-responsive paracrine pathway in which two enteroendocrine cell types, peptide YY (PYY)–expressing L cells and serotonergic EC cells, co妹妹unicate to increase gut sensitivity in females. We demonstrate that estrogen signaling up-regulates the bacterial metabolite short-chain fatty acid receptor Olfr78 on colonic L cells, increasing PYY release and their sensitivity to acetate. Elevated PYY acts on neighboring EC cells by means of NPY1R, thereby enhancing serotonin release and gut pain. We propose that hormonal fluctuations, in conjunction with internal (stress) or environmental (diet) factors, amplify this local estrogen-responsive colonic circuit, resulting in maladaptive gut sensitivity.

AQP5: A functional gastric cancer stem cell marker in mouse and human tumors

AQP5：小鼠及人类肿瘤中的一种功效性胃癌干细胞标记物

▲ 作者：Hui Yi Grace Lim, Swathi Yada et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2428

▲择PA集团官网要：

癌症干细胞（CSCs）是一类具备自我更新能力、可以或许驱动肿瘤持久生长的细胞群体。于胃癌中，CSC的群体特性还没有明确。研究者鉴定了由水通道卵白aquaporin-5（AQP5）标志的胃癌干细胞群体，该细胞群存于在人类及小鼠的幽门部肿瘤中。

经由过程多种类器官模子及小鼠模子，研究者发明AQP5阳性CSCs对于肿瘤发生及进展维持具备要害作用，并证实AQP5表达经由过程WNT、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）及丝裂原活化卵白激酶（MAPK）依靠性机制直接促成肿瘤生长与侵袭。

除了原发肿瘤外，AQP5于转移性肿瘤中进一步富集功效性CSC群体。本研究配合撑持了胃癌干细胞模子的理论，为针对于CSCs的医治计谋开发提供了潜于靶点。

▲ Abstract：

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a self-renewing population capable of fueling long-term tumor growth. In gastric cancer, the identity of CSC populations remains unclear. In this study, we established a gastric CSC population marked by the water channel protein aquaporin-5 (AQP5), which resides in human and mouse pyloric tumors. Using multiple organoid and mouse models, we found a requirement for AQP5+ CSCs in both initiating and sustaining cancer progression and demonstrated that AQP5 expression also directly promotes tumor growth and invasion in a WNT, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)–dependent manner. Beyond primary cancers, AQP5 further enriches for a functional CSC population in metastatic tumors. Together, our findings support a CSC model in gastric tumors that may have application for therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs.

A human pan-disease blood atlas of the circulating proteome

轮回卵白质组的人类泛疾病血液图谱

▲ 作者：María Bueno álvez, Sofia Bergstr?m et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx2678

▲择要：

人类血液卵白质组学经由过程评估数千种轮回卵白，为康健状态提供了总体性解读。研究者构建了一个泛疾病研究资源库，旨于经由过程整合的卵白质组学数据集阐发多种疾病表型。

经由过程对于59种疾病和康健人群行列步队的卵白质浓度举行阐发，他们鉴定出与春秋、性别、体重指数相干的卵白质，以和疾病特异性标记物。

该研究展现了差别疾病间同享及特异的卵白质表达模式，展示了同一卵白质组学要领于展现生物学机制方面的强盛能力。该数据集涵盖8262名个别和多达5416种卵白质，将作为于线资源库办事在推进疾病特异性卵白谱摸索及精准医学研究。

▲ Abstract：

The human blood proteome provides a holistic readout of health states through the assessment of thousands of circulating proteins. In this study, we present a pan-disease resource to enable the study of diverse disease phenotypes within a harmonized proteomics dataset. By profiling protein concentrations across 59 diseases and healthy cohorts, we identified proteins associated with age, sex, and body mass index, as well as disease-specific signatures. This study highlights shared and distinct protein patterns across conditions, demonstrating the power of a unified proteomics approach to uncover biological insights. The dataset, covering 8262 individuals and up to 5416 proteins, serves as an online resource for exploring disease-specific protein profiles and advancing precision medicine research.

动物学Zoology

Ancient genomes illuminate the origins and dynamic history of East Asian cattle

古代基因组展现东亚家牛的发源与动态汗青

▲ 作者：Dawei Cai, Donghee Kim et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9904

▲择要：

东亚家牛于已往5000年间的驯化演化汗青尚不明确。研究者经由过程对于166头古代牛举行全基因组测序，展现了中国牛群遗传多样性的发源与演化过程。这些样本时间跨度达万年，涵盖了已经灭尽的东亚原牛和重要考古文化遗迹中的驯化牛。

东亚与北亚原牛虽与西方原牛存于显著差异，但东亚原牛携带约15%的西方血统。黄河地域最早的家牛约10%的基因来自本地原牛，且该遗传身分于全基因组中呈不匀称漫衍。新疆的初期牛群具备怪异遗传特性，并对于后续中国北方牛种形成有所孝敬。瘤牛血统混淆征象直至中世纪期间才于中国北方广泛呈现。

▲ Abstract：

The evolutionary history of domesticated cattle in East Asia for the past 5000 years remains largely obscure. Here, we investigated the origins and evolution of cattle genetic diversity in China by analyzing shotgun genome sequences of 166 ancient bovines spanning a 10,000-year period and encompassing now-extinct East Asian aurochs and domesticated cattle from key archaeological cultures. East and North Asian aurochs were distinct from western aurochs, although East Asian aurochs harbored approximately 15% western ancestry. The first domesticated cattle in the Yellow River region derived approximately 10% of their ancestry from local aurochs with an uneven genome-wide distribution. Early cattle from Xinjiang were genetically distinct and partially contributed to the later northern Chinese cattle. Indicine admixture became widespread only in the Medieval period in northern China.

植物学Plant Science

Xanthomonas coordinates type III–type II effector synergy by activating fruit-ripening pathway

黄单胞菌经由过程激活果实成熟路子，协调III型与II型效应卵白协同作用

▲ 作者：Trang Thi-Thu Phan, Rodrigo Silva Araujo Streit et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz9239

▲择要：

植物细胞壁蕴含富厚的碳水化合物贮备，然而病原体怎样使用这些资源尚不明确。

研究者发明，柑桔溃疡病菌（Xcc）经由过程III型效应卵白PthA4挟制果实成熟路子，激活成熟调控因子CsLOB1，从而带动细胞壁糖类。CsLOB1引诱约100个基因表达，此中很多编码介入细胞壁降解的酶。于非成果物种本氏烟草中，CsLOB1一样能促成黄单胞菌生长，注解其功效并不是严酷依靠果实成熟步伐。

转录组学和陈诉基因试验显示，PthA4依靠性地激活了Xcc的木聚糖CUT体系——该历程由宿主来历的木糖触发，并触及一种II型排泄的木聚糖酶。是以，PthA4驱动的细胞壁重塑激活了细菌对于木聚糖的使用，成立起一个III型-Ⅱ型效应卵白的正反馈轮回，从而驱动Xcc的增殖。

▲ Abstract：

Plant cell walls harbor vast carbohydrate reserves, yet how pathogens unlock them remains unclear. We show that the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) mobilizes cell wall sugars by hijacking a fruit-ripening program through the type III effector PthA4, which activates the ripening coordinator CsLOB1. CsLOB1 induces approximately 100 genes, many encoding enzymes involved in cell wall breakdown. In the nonfruiting species Nicotiana benthamiana, CsLOB1 likewise promotes Xanthomonas growth, showing that its activity is not strictly dependent on a ripening program. Transcriptomics and reporter assays revealed PthA4-dependent activation of the Xcc xylan CUT system, triggered by host-derived xylose and including a type II–secreted xylanase. Thus, PthA4-driven cell wall remodeling activates bacterial xylan use, establishing a TIII–TII effector feedforward loop that fuels Xcc proliferation.