Nature, 7 May 2026, Volume 653, Issue 8113

《天然》2026年5月7日，第653卷，8113期

天文学Astronomy

Charge-dependent spectral softenings of primary cosmic rays below the knee

膝区如下低级宇宙射线的电荷依靠性光谱软化

▲ 作者：The DAMPE Collaboration

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10472-0

▲择要：

于年夜大都粒子加快或者流传理论中，由加快极限或者流传相位变化致使的宇宙射线光谱特性是电荷依靠性的。然而，交互场景凡是出现出质量依靠的光谱特性。因为难以丈量单个粒子直至极高能段的能谱，今朝仍缺少对于天然界中毕竟哪一种瓜葛现实起作用的不雅考试证。

研究组基在“暗物资粒子探测器”9年的于轨数据，报导了碳、氧及铁能谱于约20吉伏至约100太伏（铁为60太伏）能量规模内的直接丈量成果。并初次于这些能谱中直接探测到较着的光谱软化征象。

联合更新的质子及氦光谱，这类光谱软化遍及呈现于约15太伏的刚度处。当置信程度高在99.999%时，光谱软化与核子质量相干的假定被解除。研究组会商了这些成果的可能注释，包括四周存于宇宙射线源以和其他模子（如流传效应）。

▲ Abstract：

In most particle acceleration or propagation theories, the characteristic features of the cosmic ray spectra due to acceleration limits or propagation phase changes are charge-dependent. Alternatively, the interaction scenario would expect mass-dependent spectral features in general. The observational verification of which relation takes effect in nature is still lacking because of the difficulty in measuring the spectra of individual particles up to very high energies. Here we report direct measurements of the carbon, oxygen and iron spectra from about 20?gigavolts to around 100?teravolts (60?teravolts for iron) with 9?years of on-orbit data collected by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer. Distinct spectral softenings have been directly detected in these spectra for the first time, to our knowledge. Combined with the updated proton and helium spectra, the spectral softening appears universally at a rigidity of about 15?teravolts. A nuclei-mass-dependent softening is rejected at a confidence level of 99.999%. Possible interpretations of these results, including a nearby cosmic ray source and other models such as the propagation effect, are discussed.

物理学Physics

Quantum coherent manipulation and readout of superconducting vortex states

超导涡旋态的量子相关把持与读取

▲ 作者：Ameya Nambisan, Simon Günzler, Dennis Rieger, Nicolas Gosling, Simon Geisert, Victor Carpentier, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10441-7

▲择要：

超导体的一个决议性特性是其偏向在排斥磁场，然而于跨越某一临界阈值时，磁通量会以阿布里科索夫涡旋携带的离散量子情势穿透进入。

涡旋焦点处的超导能隙彻底被按捺，使其成为耗散的半经典实体，从而影响到从高电流密度导线到量子器件等各类运用。

因为于相关长度标准上存于本征或者涌现的颗粒性，质料无序可以驱动一种于焦点处保留能隙的涡扭转变。只管于这类有用地道结机制中可能呈现量子涡旋举动，且学界于差别体系中也已经不雅测到相干特性，但还没有实现对于涡旋态的相关操控。

研究组提供的证据注解，陷于颗粒超导薄膜中的涡旋可体现为二能级体系，揭示出微秒量级的量子相关性以和到达几分之一毫秒的能量弛豫时间。

使用电路量子电动力学的要领，研究组于颗粒铝微波谐振器中实现了对于涡旋态的相关操控及量子非粉碎读取，这预示着量子信息处置惩罚、质料表征及传感等范畴的将来成长标的目的。

▲ Abstract：

A defining characteristic of superconductors is their tendency to expel magnetic fields, yet above a critical threshold, magnetic flux penetrates in discrete quanta carried by Abrikosov vortices. The superconducting gap is completely suppressed at the vortex core, rendering them dissipative, semi-classical entities that impact applications from high-current-density wires to quantum devices. Material disorder can drive a crossover to vortices that preserve an energy gap at the core, owing to intrinsic5 or emergent granularity on the scale of the coherence length. Although quantum vortex behaviour could emerge in this effective tunnel-junction regime, and signatures have been observed in diverse systems, coherent manipulation of vortex states has remained elusive. Here we present evidence that vortices trapped in granular superconducting films can behave as two-level systems, exhibiting microsecond-range quantum coherence and energy relaxation times that reach fractions of a millisecond. Using the tools of circuit quantum electrodynamics, we perform coherent manipulation and quantum non-demolition readout of vortex states in granular aluminium microwave resonators, heralding future directions for quantum information processing, materials characterization and sensing.

质料科学Materials Science

Triple-junction solar cells with improved carrier and photon management

优化载流子与光子调控的三结太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Kerem Artuk, Deniz Turkay, Austin Kuba, Stefan Riemelmoser, Julian A. Steele, Julien Hurni, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10385-y

▲择要：

钙钛矿-硅三结光伏器件比拟双结器件可显著效率，但价钱是繁杂性增长。

研究组解决了钙钛矿-硅基三结太阳电池中的两个要害瓶颈问题：宽带隙（WBG）顶电池的开路电压（VOC）降低，以和中间电池的光生电流受限。

非挥发性添加剂4-羟基苄胺（HBA）可以或许调控WBG钙钛矿的结晶历程并钝化缺陷，促成定向生长并按捺非辐射复合。联合改良的能级对于齐，该计谋实现了高达1.405 V的VOC，并晋升了不变性。

为降服中间电池的电流限定问题，研究组采用三步沉积计谋来形成较厚的窄带隙钙钛矿接收层，同时连结微不雅布局完备性并加强电子提取。

此外，储蓄积累于纹理化硅底电池前谷区的低折射率SiOx纳米颗粒（SiOx-np）可作为光学中间反射层，加强了中间电池的光接收。研究组将上述进展集成到1 cm2的钙钛矿-钙钛矿-硅器件中，终极得到了30.02%的认证效率。

▲ Abstract：

Perovskite–silicon triple-junction photovoltaics offer efficiency gains beyond dual-junction devices but at the expense of added complexity. Here we address two key bottlenecks in perovskite–silicon-based triple-junction solar cells: reduced open-circuit voltage (VOC) in the wide-bandgap (WBG) top cell and limited photocurrent generation in the middle cell. A non-volatile additive, 4-hydroxybenzylamine (HBA), regulates WBG perovskite crystallization and passivates defects, promoting oriented growth and suppressing non-radiative recombination. Together with improved energy-level alignment, this yields VOCs of up to 1.405 V and enhanced stability. To overcome the current limitations in the middle cell, a three-step deposition strategy enables the formation of thick, low-bandgap perovskite absorbers while preserving microstructural integrity and enhancing electron extraction. Also, low-refractive-index SiOx-nanoparticles (SiOx-np) that accumulate in the front valleys of the textured silicon bottom cell act as an optical middle reflector, enhancing light absorption in the middle cell. These advances are then combined in 1-cm2 perovskite–perovskite–silicon devices, achieving a certified efficiency of 30.02%.

化学Chemistry

Electronic origin of reorganization energy in interfacial electron transfer

界面电子转移中重组能的电子发源

▲ 作者：Sonal Maroo, Leonardo Coello Escalante, Yizhe Wang, Matthew P. Erodici, Jonathon N. Nessralla, Ayana Tabo, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10311-2

▲择要：

电子转移（ET）反映是生物及非生物体系中能量转换与化学转化的基础。任何ET历程的效率都依靠在于最好驱动力规模内实现所需的ET速度。

Marcus理论提供了一个微不雅框架，用以理解ET中活化自由能（进而理解其速度）与一个要害参数（重组能）之间的瓜葛。

于带电固液界面，持久以来人们遍及认为，只有电解质相中的因素决议了重组能，而电极的电子态密度（DOS）仅决议ET的热力学可和通道数目。

然而，研究组注解，电极DOS于调控重组能方面起着焦点作用，其主要性远超传统认知。使用原子层状异质布局，研究组调控了石墨烯的DOS并丈量了外层ET动力学。成果发明，由此引起的ET速度变化源在与电极中图象电位局域化相干的重组能显著调制。

这项事情从头界说了非均相ET动力学的传统范式，展现了电极电子布局于界面反映性中更深条理的作用。

▲ Abstract：

Electron transfer (ET) reactions underpin energy conversion and chemical transformations in both biological and abiological systems. The efficiency of any ET process relies on achieving a desired ET rate within an optimal driving force range. Marcus theory provides a microscopic framework for understanding the activation free energy—and therefore the rate—of ET in terms of a key parameter: the reorganization energy. For electrified solid–liquid interfaces, it has long been conventionally understood that only factors in the electrolyte phase are responsible for determining the reorganization energy and that the electronic density of states (DOS) of the electrode only serves to dictate the number of thermally accessible channels for ET. Here we show instead that the electrode DOS plays a central role in governing the reorganization energy, far outweighing its conventionally assumed role. Using atomically layered heterostructures, we tune the DOS of graphene and measure outer-sphere ET kinetics. We find the ensuing variation in ET rate arises from strong modulation in a reorganization energy associated with image potential localization in the electrode. Here we redefine the traditional paradigm of heterogeneous ET kinetics, revealing a deeper role of the electrode electronic structure in interfacial reactivity.

Decarboxylative alkylation of alkenes

烯烃的脱羧烷基化

▲ 作者：Triptesh Kumar Roy, Federico Maria Tamborini, Roland Petzold, Jianhan Fu, Yiben Tang Tobias Ritter

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10463-1

▲择要：

烯烃是合成化学中广泛运用的官能团，对于出产聚合物、洗涤剂、农用化学品和药物至关主要。烯烃与亲电试剂反映时，凡是发生加成而非代替反映。

是以，化学家的东西箱中缺乏一种直不雅的逆合成堵截方式：即从母体烯烃出发构建代替烯烃。例如，将三代替烯烃转化为四代替烯烃，或者对于繁杂烯烃举行后期烷基化，将可以或许得到今朝难以构建的份子。

烯烃交织复分化反映可对于适合代替的烯烃实现情势烷基化，但其非对于映选择性以和烯烃-烷基的组合仅限在特定环境，而且多类烯烃（如内烯烃或者环烯烃）没法经由过程已经知要领容易实现烷基化。

研究组报导了一种烯烃的情势上区域选择性及非对于映选择性的C-H烷基化反映，利用种类繁多、易在得到的羧酸作为烷基来历。

该要领的要害于在一种极性脱羧烷基化路子，它差别在现有基在羧酸衍生物自由基介导的C-C键形成模子，而是依靠在一种此前未被器重的路子：从氧化还有原活性酯天生长期性烷基锌中间体。

经由过程钯催化的烷基锌物种与由烯烃制备的烯基噻蒽盐的交织偶联，研究组实现了高非对于映选择性得到代替烯烃。该转化可实现对于具备差别烷基的环状、非环状、结尾、内部、单代替、二代替和三代替烯烃的烷基化。

▲ Abstract：

Alkenes are widely used functional groups in synthetic chemistry, important for producing polymers, detergents, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. When treated with electrophiles, alkenes typically undergo addition, not substitution, reactions. As a consequence, the intuitive retrosynthetic disconnection to form a substituted alkene from the parent alkene does not exist in the toolbox of the chemist. For example, conversion of tri-substituted into tetra-substituted alkenes, or late-stage alkylation of complex alkenes, would provide access to molecules that are currently difficult to construct. Alkene cross-metathesis can formally alkylate appropriately substituted alkenes, but diastereoselectivity and alkene–alkyl combinations are restricted to specific cases, and several classes of alkenes, such as internal or cyclic alkenes, cannot be readily alkylated with known methods. Here we report a formal regio- and diastereoselective C?H alkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids as alkyl source, readily available in large diversity. Key to the development is a polar decarboxylative alkylation that deviates from the current model of radical-mediated C?C bond formation from carboxylic acid derivatives, enabled by a previously unappreciated access to persistent alkylzinc intermediates from redox-active esters. A Pd-catalysed cross-coupling of the alkylzinc species with alkenyl thianthrenium salts accessed from alkenes affords the substituted alkenes in high diastereoselectivity. The transformation offers alkylation of cyclic, acyclic, terminal, internal, mono-substituted, di-substituted and tri-substituted alkenes with diverse alkyl groups.

地球科学Earth Science

Uncertain dynamic response of mid-latitude winter precipitation

中纬度冬日降水的不确定性动力学相应

▲ 作者：Lei Gu, Dominik L. Schumacher, Sebastian Sippel, Erich M. Fischer, Istvan Dunkl, Robin Noyelle, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10474-y

▲择要：

理解降水变化对于人类社会与生态体系至关主要。已经有研究明确了报酬强制及天气内部变率对于降水趋向的各自孝敬，但不雅测及模仿模式之间仍存于差异。

于北半球冬日，这种差异凡是被归因在主导不雅测趋向的非强制性天气内部变率。不外，愈来愈多的证据也注解，天气模子低估了降水对于报酬强制的总体相应。

研究组发明，天气模子可以或许较好重现降水变化的热力学孝敬，而动力学孝敬则会呈现较年夜误差。

该研究经由过程分散1950年—2022年冬日降水趋向中报酬强制的热力学份量、动力学份量与天气内部变率，探究三者对于趋向差异的影响机制。于地中海地域，天气模子模仿获得的强制动力学旌旗灯号仅能注释约10%的不雅测动力学趋向，探测难度陡增。

于连续报酬排放情景下，预估的年夜气环流相应加重，更靠近不雅测到的趋向模式。

只管不雅测记载中的天气内部变率可能助推了这类相似性，但研究成果注解，动力学相应于塑造区域冬日降水趋向中具备不确定但潜于的新兴作用。于天气模子中精准揭示报酬强制下的年夜标准年夜气环流相应，仍是晋升区域降水预估可托度的要害地点。

▲ Abstract：

Understanding changes in precipitation is crucial for society and ecosystems. Studies have documented the respective contributions of anthropogenic forcing and internal variability to precipitation trends, yet discrepancies persist between observed and simulated patterns. In Northern Hemisphere winter, these mismatches are often attributed to unforced internal variability that dominates observed trends. However, growing evidence also indicates that climate models underestimate the total response of precipitation to human forcings. Here we show that the thermodynamic contribution is broadly reproduced by climate models, whereas the dynamic contribution can diverge more substantially. Our approach disentangles the anthropogenic forced thermodynamic and dynamic components from internal variability in winter precipitation trends (1950–2022) to investigate their contribution to the trend discrepancies. In the Mediterranean, the forced dynamic signal from model simulations explains only about 10% of the observed dynamic trend, making detection challenging. Under continued anthropogenic emissions, the projected circulation response intensifies and more closely resembles observed trend patterns. Although internal variability in the observed record may contribute to this similarity, the results indicate an uncertain yet potentially emerging role of dynamic response in shaping regional winter precipitation trends. A reliable representation of the forced large-scale circulation response in climate models remains key for increasing confidence in regional precipitation projections.